Chapter-5 Cyberspace Infrastructure (Summary) from Computer Network Security and Cyber Ethics
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Computer N/W Security and Cyber Ethics Ch-5
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By Wasim
Protocols: A set of rules and conventions for sending information over a network.
Computer Communication Networks:
A computer communication network system consists of hardware, software and human ware
Hardware:
Host: Each computer in a network is known as host. Each host has a unique hostname and IP address assign to it.
Network Elements: Hubs, Bridges, Routers and Gateways are used to connect the host/hosts on the network.
Software:
All application software that are required to configure the network elements for successful networking.
Humanware:
Users who connect with different host/hosts and share resources on the network.
Network Types:
In general there are three types of Network:
1. LAN: Local Area Network. It covers a small room to a large building. High speed connectivity with low cost setup.
2. MAN: Metropolitan Area Network. It covers a city or 10-15 miles in range.
3. WAN: Wide Area Network. Covers large geographical areas. Requires routers, switch etc costly device to setup.
Network Topology:
1. WAN Network:
1. Mesh Topology: Each node is connected with more than one host. Interconnected links result in network reliability in case of any failure nodes.
2. Tree Topology: Generalization of Bus Topology. Root node is at that highest level and other nodes share parent-child relationship. Transmission from any element in the network propagates through the network and is received by all elements in the network.
2. LAN Network:
1. Bus Topology: Only one element in the network can have control of the bus at any one time. Failure of one node can bring down whole network.
2. Star Topology: All elements in a network are connected with a central element such as hub or switch.
3. Ring Topology: Token ring technology is used for transmitting data on the network.
Ethernet:
Standard Name: IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network (LAN) protocols.
Protocol: data are transmitted using the popular Carrier-Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol
Ethernet Technologies:
10 Mbps - 10Base-T Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u)
1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)
10-Gigabit - 10 Gbps Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae).
Transmission Control Systems:
The concept of representation of data for transmission, either as an analog or a digital signal, is called an encoding scheme.
Two Types of Encoding:
1. Digital to Analog Encoding: It carries Sine wave with a Carrier signal. A Carrier signals has Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase shift.
2. Digital to Digital Encoding: Information is converted into bits i.e. zeros and ones.
Transmission Media:
It has two Categories
1. Wired Transmission: Fiber Optics cable, Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cables are used.
2. Wireless Transmission: Radio wave communication, Laser beam, Microwave and Infrared.
Connecting Devices:
HUB: Hub is a broadcasting device. It connects LAN components with identical protocols.
Bridges: Bridges filter incoming data packets, known as frames, for address before they are forwarded.
Switches: Intelligent devices that are also known as high-performance bridges.
Routers: Perform routing of IP packets. Routers interconnect two of more heterogeneous networks.
Gateways: They provide translation between networking technologies such as OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. A router with added translation functionality is a gateway.
Communication Service:
Connection Oriented: Three-way handshake to transfer data over a network. Acknowledgements of packet send and received. E.g.: TCP/IP protocol
Connectionless: No Handshaking. No Acknowledgement of packet sends or received. E.g.: UDP protocol
Data Switching:
Circuit Switching: Networks reserve the resources needed for the communication session before the session begins.
Packet Switching: Do not require any resources to be reserved before a communication session begins.
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model:
OSI model functions as the network communication protocol standard, but it is not widely used. TCP/IP is widely used. Both model use two protocol stacks, one at source and destination.
OSI Model has Seven Layers:
Application Layer: Protocol use here are SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP etc
Presentation Layer: It responds to service requests from the Application Layer and issues service requests to the Session Layer.
Session Layer: It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.
Transport Layer: TCP and UDP protocol are use here.
Network Layer: Routing of IP packet.
Data Link Layer: Switches and Bridges are used here.
Physical Layer: Bits of zeros and ones are converted here. Hub is used at this layer.
TCP/IP has Five Layers:
Application Layer: Protocol use here are SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP etc
Transport Layer: TCP and UDP protocol are use here.
Network Layer: Routing of IP packet.
Data Link Layer: Switches and Bridges are used here.
Physical Layer: Bits of zeros and ones are converted here. Hub is used at this layer.
Computer Communication Networks:
A computer communication network system consists of hardware, software and human ware
Hardware:
Host: Each computer in a network is known as host. Each host has a unique hostname and IP address assign to it.
Network Elements: Hubs, Bridges, Routers and Gateways are used to connect the host/hosts on the network.
Software:
All application software that are required to configure the network elements for successful networking.
Humanware:
Users who connect with different host/hosts and share resources on the network.
Network Types:
In general there are three types of Network:
1. LAN: Local Area Network. It covers a small room to a large building. High speed connectivity with low cost setup.
2. MAN: Metropolitan Area Network. It covers a city or 10-15 miles in range.
3. WAN: Wide Area Network. Covers large geographical areas. Requires routers, switch etc costly device to setup.
Network Topology:
1. WAN Network:
1. Mesh Topology: Each node is connected with more than one host. Interconnected links result in network reliability in case of any failure nodes.
2. Tree Topology: Generalization of Bus Topology. Root node is at that highest level and other nodes share parent-child relationship. Transmission from any element in the network propagates through the network and is received by all elements in the network.
2. LAN Network:
1. Bus Topology: Only one element in the network can have control of the bus at any one time. Failure of one node can bring down whole network.
2. Star Topology: All elements in a network are connected with a central element such as hub or switch.
3. Ring Topology: Token ring technology is used for transmitting data on the network.
Ethernet:
Standard Name: IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network (LAN) protocols.
Protocol: data are transmitted using the popular Carrier-Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol
Ethernet Technologies:
10 Mbps - 10Base-T Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u)
1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)
10-Gigabit - 10 Gbps Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae).
Transmission Control Systems:
The concept of representation of data for transmission, either as an analog or a digital signal, is called an encoding scheme.
Two Types of Encoding:
1. Digital to Analog Encoding: It carries Sine wave with a Carrier signal. A Carrier signals has Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase shift.
2. Digital to Digital Encoding: Information is converted into bits i.e. zeros and ones.
Transmission Media:
It has two Categories
1. Wired Transmission: Fiber Optics cable, Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cables are used.
2. Wireless Transmission: Radio wave communication, Laser beam, Microwave and Infrared.
Connecting Devices:
HUB: Hub is a broadcasting device. It connects LAN components with identical protocols.
Bridges: Bridges filter incoming data packets, known as frames, for address before they are forwarded.
Switches: Intelligent devices that are also known as high-performance bridges.
Routers: Perform routing of IP packets. Routers interconnect two of more heterogeneous networks.
Gateways: They provide translation between networking technologies such as OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. A router with added translation functionality is a gateway.
Communication Service:
Connection Oriented: Three-way handshake to transfer data over a network. Acknowledgements of packet send and received. E.g.: TCP/IP protocol
Connectionless: No Handshaking. No Acknowledgement of packet sends or received. E.g.: UDP protocol
Data Switching:
Circuit Switching: Networks reserve the resources needed for the communication session before the session begins.
Packet Switching: Do not require any resources to be reserved before a communication session begins.
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model:
OSI model functions as the network communication protocol standard, but it is not widely used. TCP/IP is widely used. Both model use two protocol stacks, one at source and destination.
OSI Model has Seven Layers:
Application Layer: Protocol use here are SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP etc
Presentation Layer: It responds to service requests from the Application Layer and issues service requests to the Session Layer.
Session Layer: It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.
Transport Layer: TCP and UDP protocol are use here.
Network Layer: Routing of IP packet.
Data Link Layer: Switches and Bridges are used here.
Physical Layer: Bits of zeros and ones are converted here. Hub is used at this layer.
TCP/IP has Five Layers:
Application Layer: Protocol use here are SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP etc
Transport Layer: TCP and UDP protocol are use here.
Network Layer: Routing of IP packet.
Data Link Layer: Switches and Bridges are used here.
Physical Layer: Bits of zeros and ones are converted here. Hub is used at this layer.
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